Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system, affecting a group of white blood cells called lymphocytes. This disease can vary significantly in its severity and progression, making treatment strategies just as varied.
What Is Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma encompasses a diverse group of cancers that begin in the lymphatic system, a critical part of the body’s immune defense. The lymphatic system includes lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. NHL typically affects lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that helps fight infections.
There are over 60 different subtypes of NHL, classified primarily into two categories: B-cell lymphomas and T-cell lymphomas. The most common forms are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma. While DLBCL tends to be more aggressive, follicular lymphoma is usually slower-growing but harder to cure. These subtypes influence the choice of treatment and the disease’s outlook.
Symptoms of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
The symptoms of NHL can vary depending on the location and stage of the disease. However, some common signs include:
- Swollen lymph nodes, particularly in the neck, armpits, or groin
- Fatigue
- Unexplained weight loss
- Fever and night sweats
- Shortness of breath or chest pain
- Persistent cough
It’s important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other, less serious conditions. If you or someone you know is experiencing these symptoms, a healthcare provider can help determine the underlying cause through appropriate tests.
Diagnosing Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Diagnosing NHL generally involves several steps, starting with a physical exam and medical history. If lymphoma is suspected, the doctor may recommend a biopsy, where a small sample of tissue is taken from an affected lymph node or other areas for testing. Other tests that could be ordered include blood tests, imaging scans (like CT or PET scans), and bone marrow biopsies.
Once the diagnosis is confirmed, further testing will determine the subtype of lymphoma and its stage. The stage of NHL, ranging from I to IV, indicates how far the cancer has spread. This staging plays a crucial role in selecting an appropriate treatment approach.
Treatment Options for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
The treatment plan for NHL will depend on several factors, including the type and stage of lymphoma, the patient’s overall health, and any symptoms being experienced. Below are some of the most commonly used treatment options:
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is often the first line of treatment for NHL, especially for aggressive forms like DLBCL. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill rapidly growing cancer cells throughout the body. Treatment typically involves a combination of drugs, known as a regimen, administered over several cycles.
While chemotherapy can be effective, it may also cause side effects such as nausea, hair loss, and fatigue. Patients may need to take breaks between cycles to recover, and doctors will often adjust the dosage to minimize side effects while maintaining effectiveness.
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy works by harnessing the body’s own immune system to fight cancer cells. One form of immunotherapy commonly used for NHL is monoclonal antibodies, such as rituximab. These antibodies target specific proteins on the surface of cancer cells, helping the immune system identify and destroy them.
Although immunotherapy is generally well-tolerated, it may cause side effects like fever, chills, or allergic reactions. Its use is more common in combination with other treatments like chemotherapy.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to target and destroy cancer cells in specific areas of the body. It’s often used for localized lymphoma or in combination with other treatments.
For some early-stage cases, radiation may be enough to control the disease on its own. The side effects of radiation depend on the area being treated but can include fatigue, skin irritation, and digestive issues.
Targeted Therapy
Targeted therapy focuses on the specific genetic changes in cancer cells that allow them to grow and spread. Drugs like ibrutinib and venetoclax block these pathways, making it harder for the lymphoma to survive.
This option is often used when the disease has returned after initial treatment or for certain subtypes of NHL that don’t respond well to standard therapies. Side effects of targeted therapies can vary but may include gastrointestinal symptoms, fatigue, and low blood counts.
Stem Cell Transplant
For patients with aggressive or relapsed NHL, a stem cell transplant (also called a bone marrow transplant) might be considered. This procedure involves replacing damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells, either from the patient (autologous transplant) or a donor (allogeneic transplant).
Before the transplant, high-dose chemotherapy or radiation is used to destroy as many cancer cells as possible. Stem cell transplants can be risky and involve a long recovery period. However, for some patients, it offers a chance for long-term remission.
Managing Side Effects and Recovery
Treatment for NHL can lead to a variety of side effects, depending on the therapies used. Managing these side effects is a crucial part of the treatment plan, and doctors will often prescribe medications to help alleviate symptoms like nausea, pain, or fatigue. Supportive care services, including nutritionists, counselors, and physical therapists, can also play a role in helping patients cope with the challenges of cancer treatment.
Recovery from NHL treatment varies widely. Some patients may achieve remission, meaning no signs of cancer remain, while others may need ongoing management for chronic forms of the disease. Follow-up care is essential to monitor for any recurrence and to address long-term side effects.
What to Expect During Treatment
It’s natural to have concerns about what to expect during treatment for NHL. The experience will differ for each patient, but it’s important to maintain open communication with your healthcare team throughout the process. They can provide information on what to anticipate in terms of treatment schedules, side effects, and recovery timelines.
While NHL treatment can be physically and emotionally challenging, advances in medicine have provided a range of options to manage the disease. With a tailored approach, many patients are able to maintain a good quality of life during and after treatment.
Find Help Today!
Treating non-Hodgkin lymphoma involves a multi-faceted approach that takes into account the specific type of lymphoma, its stage, and the patient’s overall health. While the road to recovery may be complex, there are numerous treatment options available to manage the disease and improve outcomes.
By staying informed, asking questions, and working closely with your medical team, you can better navigate this journey and make decisions that align with your needs and preferences. Though no single treatment guarantees a cure, many patients go on to experience remission or long periods of disease control, providing hope for those facing an NHL diagnosis.